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REACTION with Na, Mg and chloral
Haloarenes are chemically less reactive than haloalkanes. They can undergo the following reactions:
Nucleophilic reactions of haloalkanes
Replacement by alkoxy group
(Formation of ethers) - Williamson Synthesis
Substitution by Nitrite Group
The halogen atom of haloalkane gets substituted by nitrite group (-O-N=O) when it is treated with sodium or potassium
Preparation of haloarenes
Preparative methods of haloarenes are:
Direct halogenation of aromatic ring
Direct chlorination or
SPECIFIC REACTION OF HALO ARENES :
Halogenation
Take place in presence of Fe or Fecl3 or anhydrous Alcl3 as catalyst .
Sandmeyer's reaction;
Aryl halides can be more satisfactorily obtained by the decomposition of aryl diazonium salts in the presence of copper halid
Molecular Asymmetry:-
A plane which divides an object into two symmetrical halves. Such that one half of the molecule is a mirror image of t
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloarenes are given below, where halogen atom is replaced by other atoms or groups.
1. Replacement
Step 1: Order of Priority: The four different groups attached to the chiral carbon atom are assigned a priority or order or precedence 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the bas
Preparation of haloalkanes Part 2
From Alcohol:
Alcohol undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction by halogen acid to give Haloalkanes.Tertiary alkanol reacts with hydrochloric acid directly to produce tertiary chloroalkane, but if prim
Isomerism:
Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby certain compounds, with the same molecular formula, exist in different forms owing
Electrophilic substitution reactons of haloarenes
Thus,
• H
Classification:
Haloalkanes can be classified into three groups:
Primary halogenoalkanes
In a primary (1°
Physical properties of haloarenes or aryl halides .
For the same halogen atom, the melting and boiling points increase as the size of the aryl grou
Nomenclature:
Haloarenes are named by prefixing ‘halo’ to the name of the parent hydrocarbon. If more than one substituent is present,
Two system have been developed for studying the configuration of stereoisomres.
i) Relative configuration (D, L-nomenclature): The configuration of
Types of nucleophilic substitution reactions
The nucleophilic substitution reactions can be classified into two types:
First is the SN1
Properties of haloalknaes:
Physical Properties:
Haloalkanes generally resemble the parent alkanes in being colorless, relatively odorless, and hydrophobic.
Their boiling points are higher than the corresponding alkanes and scal
Preparation of haloalkanes Part 1
Preparation of haloalkanes:
Haloalkanes can be produced from virtually all organic precursors. From the perspective of industry, the most important ones are alkanes and alkenes.
From A
General methods of preparation of alkenes
Alkenes are usually prepared from either alcohols or haloalkanes (alkyl halides).
By t
NUMBER OF POSSIBLE STEREOISOMERS IN COMPOUNDS CONTAINING DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ASYMMETRIC ATOMS
The number of optical isomers is calculated by the ap
Introduction:
The halogen derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are called haloalkanes. These are obtained when the h
Factors favoring SN1 AND SN2 Mechanisms:
Nature of alkyl halide
If the alkyl halide is primary, it reacts through SN
Inversion, retention and racemization: Whenever in a chemical reaction, a bond is broken at the chiral carbon atom, there are the three possibilities.
Stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reaction:
(Optical Isomerism)
As SN2 produce with complete inversion while an SN1
Tracovalency
A carbon atom has a total of six electrons occupying the first two shells, i.e., the K-shell has two electrons and the L-shell has fou
Chemical properties of Alkene
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of a double bond. The carbon-carbon double bond consists o
General methods of preparation of alkanes
(i) Decarboxylation :
(a) Decarboxylation means removal of CO2 fro
Preparation of primary amines
Alkylation
The most industrially significant amines are prepared from ammonia by alkylati
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