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GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF ETHERS :
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
Physical properties of ether
Preparation of monohydric alcohols
1.From aldehyde and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by
Preparation of ethers
By Dehydration of Alcohols:
Two molecules of alcohol when
1.
2. #. REACTION WITH MONO CARBOXYLIC ACID:
Alcohol react with organic acids to form esters. the process is known as E
Introduction of alcohols
The hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons are called alcohols. When one, two or more hydrogen atoms of a hyd
Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols
They can undergo substitution as well as elimination reaction.
The hydroxyl gro
Introduction of phenols
A phenol contains -OH group(s) directly attached to an aryl carbon atom(s). The simplest phenol is hydroxybenzene also call
Electrophilic substitution reactions in aromatic ring :
The +R effect of the alkoxy group in aryl alkyl ethers, increases the electron densi
Classification of ether
Ethers are known as symmetrical, if the two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom are same.
REACTION OF PHENOL :
Action with PCl5, PX3, NH3, Zn, Na benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic a
Physical properties monohydric alcohols
Alcohols consist of two parts, an alkyl/aryl group and a hydroxyl group. The properties of alcohols and phe
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL :
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL:
1)
Nomenclature of alcohols: There are three systems of naming,
1.In the common system, alcohols are named as alkyl alcohols. The word alcohol is adde
Nomenclature of ethers
Common names of ethers are followed after the names of alkyl / aryl groups written as separate words in alphabet
Isomerism of alcohols
Alcohols exhibit following types of isomerism:
1. Chain isomerism
Alcohols containing&
NAMED REACTION :
Acylation reaction, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer Tiemann's reaction
Acylation
The phenyl esters
Electrophilic substitution of phenol
The -OH group is ortho para directing. it actvates the benzene nucleus towards electrophilic subst
Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid
Since carboxyl group consists of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, it is expected that
Esters
RCOOR' are named after the corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing the ending -ic acid with -ate and preceding this with the name of the
Industrial preparation of ethanol
Ethanol can be manufactured by the fermentation of:
IUPAC system and IUPAC rules of naming ethers
Common names of ethers follow after the names of alkyl / aryl groups written as separate words in alp
Use of ethers:-
Diethyl ether is used as an excellent solvent in laboratory
Water is immiscible with ether, is used as solven
Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol:
(a) Oxidation test
(b) Lucas test
(c) Victer meyer test (best method)
IUPAC system and IUPAC rules of Naming Alcohols
In the common system, alcohols are named as alkyl alcohols. The word alcohol is added after the na
Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol
a) By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by ox
General methods of preparation of alkenes
Alkenes are usually prepared from either alcohols or haloalkanes (alkyl halides).
By t
Chemical properties of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
ADDITION REACTIONS
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to the corr
Preparation of haloalkanes Part 2
From Alcohol:
Alcohol undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction by halogen acid to give Haloalkanes.Tertiary alkanol reacts with hydrochloric acid directly to produce tertiary chloroalkane, but if prim
Alcoholic Fermentation
Maltose obtained from starch is fermented in the presence of yeast. Maltase present in yeast converts maltose into glucose.
Nomenclature, preparation and properties of i. Acid halides ii. Acid amides iii. Acid anhydrides and iv. Esters
Introduction of carboxylic
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