1.

2. #. REACTION WITH MONO CARBOXYLIC ACID:

Alcohol react with organic acids to form esters. the process is known as ESTERIFICATION.it is a reversible reaction and so is carried out in the presence of a dehydrating agent which catalyses the forward reaction.

2.*REACTION INVOLVING THE CLEVAGE OF C-OH BOND:

1. REACTION WITH HYDROGEN HALIDES:

Halogen acids react with alcohol to form alkyl halides. the reactivity of the halogen acids in the order of HI> HBr> HCl > and the reactivity of of ROH is in the order of allyl ,benzyl > tertiary > secondary >primary  .this reaction follows  nucleophilic substitution reaction .

 

2. REACTION WITH PHOSPHOROUS HALIDE:

Alcohol react with phosphorous penta halide and tri halide to yield alkyl halides.

3. REACTION WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE:

Alcohol reacts with thionyl chloride in the presence of pyridine to form chloro alkanes of high purity because the other product of the reaction ( SO₂& HCl ) are gases.

Preparation and uses of ethan- 1, 2. diol (glycol)

A dihydric alcohol, ethanediol is prepared commercially by acid hydrolysis of epoxy ethane (ethylene oxide).

Ethenediol is used as a coolant in automobiles. It is used for making dacron a fibre used in making clothes.

Preparation and uses of Propan – 1, 2, 3 triol (glycerol)

A trihydric alcohol, glycerol is a constituent of oils and fats. Oils and fats are tri esters of long chain fatty acids.

Glycerol is obtained as a by-product in the soap industry prepared by saponification of oils and fats. It is a colourless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid. It is miscible with water and is sweet.

It is used in the manufacture of:

a) a polyster called glyptal and

b) glyceryl trinitrate.

Glycerol is also used in medicines, cosmetics and in textile processing.

When the mixture of ethyl alcohol and bleaching powder is heated,chloroform is formed. the conversion occurs in three steps:

1. First step: Oxidation

2. Second Step: Chlorination

3. Third Step: Hydrolysis

HALOFORM REACTION:

Ethyl alcohol when heated with iodine and sodium hydroxide or aq. sodium carbonate forms a yellow crystalline solid, iodoform.

Haloform reaction:

This reaction like the preparation of chloroform also occurs in three steps:

 

METHYL ALCOHOL DOES NOT RESPOND TO THE IODOFORM TEST ,,This test is exhibited by  ethyl alcohol , acetaldehyde , acetone , methyl ketones , those alcohol  which posses CH₃CH(OH)  GROUP.

In place of iodine, bromine and chlorine can be taken.