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Chemical properties of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
ADDITION REACTIONS
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to the corr
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
Being unsaturated, aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions. They have a polar carbonyl group. The carbon o
Esters
RCOOR' are named after the corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing the ending -ic acid with -ate and preceding this with the name of the
Nomenclature, preparation and properties of i. Acid halides ii. Acid amides iii. Acid anhydrides and iv. Esters
Introduction of carboxylic
Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol
a) By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by ox
Physical properties of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are simple compounds which contain acarbonyl group - a carbon-oxygen d
Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid
Since carboxyl group consists of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, it is expected that
Acid anhydrides
Acid anhydrides are called symmetrical when the two acyl groups are identical when the two acyl groups are identical and if the two
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are derived from the names of the corresp
Nomenclature of carboxylic acids
Since carboxylic acids are amongst the earliest organic compounds to be isolated from nature, a large number of th
Preparation of monocarboxylic acids
1. From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to car
Chemical properties
Reduction
a) Partial reduction
Carboxylic acids are reduced to primary
Introduction, nomenclature, examples of aliphatic carboxylic acids
Organic compounds that contain one or more carboxyl groups, (-COOH) have acidic
Isomerism in aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones exhibit the following type of isomerism.
a) Chain isomerism
Preparation of benzaldelyde from toluene
Benzaldehyde is the simplest aromatic aldehyde. It occurs in bitter almonds in the form of its glucoside,a
Structure of functional group in carboxylic acid derivatives
The structure of the functional groups in acyl halide, acid anhydride, ester and amide
Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids
1. Physical state
The first three aliphatic acids are colorless liquids wit
Amides
RCONH2 are named in the trivial system by replacing the ending -ic acid from the name of the corresponding acid with - amide. The
Preparation of monohydric alcohols
1.From aldehyde and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by
Introduction, structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature and isomerism in carbonyl compound
An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a
Effect of substituents on the acidity of carboxylic acids
The factors, which increase the stability of carboxylate ion more than the carboxylic aci
Uses of carboxylic acid
(i) Methanoic acid [Formic acid HCOOH]
It occurs in a variety of biting and stingins plants and
IUPAC system and IUPAC rules of Naming Alcohols
In the common system, alcohols are named as alkyl alcohols. The word alcohol is added after the na
Acid amides
Acid amides may be regarded as the derivatives of carboxylic acids in which -OH part of the carboxylic group is replaced by the -NH
Preparation of acetophenone by Friedal Craft's acylation
Acetyl chloride reacts with benzene in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to form ac
Alkynes contain a triple bond (≡). A triple bond has one and two bonds.
Some characteristic reactions of alkynes are,
Combustion
Chemical properties of Alkene
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of a double bond. The carbon-carbon double bond consists o
Production of Benzoic Acid
Industrial preparations
Benzoic acid is produced commerci
Preparation of Benzoic Acid
Industrial preparations
Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of tolue
General methods of preparation of alkanes
(i) Decarboxylation :
(a) Decarboxylation means removal of CO2 fro
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