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Crystalline Solids:
Amorphous solids are very useful but most of the solids are crystalline in nature due to thermodynamically favorable conditions
Solid State
Introduction
Of the three states of matter, solids possess the most structural diversity. Intermolecular forces and therma
Cracking of hydrocarbons
The process of breaking higher hydrocarbons with high boiling points into a variety of lower hydrocarbons that are more vo
Inter molecular forces →
There are the forces of attraction between molecules of same or different substances. There are of following types &r
It is defined as the ratio of normal stress to longitudinal strain within limit of proportionality.Y=
COMPOUNDS OF GROUP – 15
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Thermodynamics : It is a branch of science which deals with exchange of heat energy between bodies and conversion of the heat energy into mechanical energy an
The three states of matter differ from each other due to the following two factors.
(1) The different magnitudes of the interatomic and intermolecular forces.
Dimensions of a Physical Quantity.
The powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised in order to express the given physical quantity are called its dimensions.
To make it more clear, consider the physical quantity force
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
If systems A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then A
Adiabatic Process
When a thermodynamic system undergoes a change in such a way that no exchange of heat takes place between it and the surroundings, the process is
Carnot Engine
Carnot designed a theoretical engine which is free from all the defects of a practical engine. This engine cannot be realised in actu
General method of preparation of alkynes
Ethyne is made industrially from hydrocarbons obtained by cracking petroleum. The thermal cracking of buta
Heat Engine
Heat engine is a device which converts heat into work continuously through a cyclic process.
The essential parts of a heat e
Air Pollution:-
Any undesirable change in composition of air which is harmful for living organism.
Causes of air pollutio
In a fluid, at a point, density P is defined as: ρ=lim
Relation between Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
From equation (i) PV = (2/3) Kinetic energy [As PV = RT for 1 mole]
Then
When a drop of radius R splits into n smaller drops, (each of radius r) then surface area of liquid increases. Hence the work is to be done against
Fuel cells:- Cells which can convert energy produced during the confusion of fuels directly into electrical energy. Fuel can be hydrogen, methane, methanol et
The P-N junction Diode:-
P side of P-N junction has holes as a majority charge carriers and electrons as a minority charge carriers whereas N side
In the absence of any electric field, the free electrons of a metal are in a state of continuous random motion. At room temp. their random velocities corresponds to 105
Boyle’s law :- from kinetic theory of gases
PV
Preparation of Oxides:
By direct heating of an element with oxygen
Many metals and non-metals burn rapidly when heated in oxygen or air,
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