Mutation: Mutation is defined as the sudden inheritable change in the genetic material. It is of two major types.

1) Point mutation: It is the mutation in a single base pair, which is replaced by another base pair. For example, in sickle-cell anaemia, point mutation is β-globin chain results in change.

2) Frameshift mutation: It is the change in the reading frame because of insertion or deletion of base pairs.  It is firtherr of 2 types:

               (a) Insertion: It is the addition of one or more nucleotides in the DNA segment.

               (b) Deletion: It is the removal of one or more nucleotides from the DNA segment. It removes      one or more amino acid.

                *Normal DNA: ATC GAT CGA

                *Insertion: ATC CGA TCG

                *Deletion: ATC ATC GA