Translation:

Translation refers to the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a polypeptide.

Process of translation:

1. Translation is a process of synthesis of m RNA with the help of ribosomes.

2. Peptide bond needs a lot of energy to be formed.So firstly, amino acids needs to be activated by ATP.

     AMINO ACID + ATP ---------------à AMINO ACID ---AMP---ENZYME complex

3. Now  amino acid-enzyme complex is joined to cognate tRNA.This is known as charging of tRNA

Or

Aminoacylation of tRNA.

AMINO ACID --AMP--ENZYME complex + tRNA ------------à AMINOACID--tRNA complex+ AMP +ENZYME

4. Ribosomes are activated by mRNA (when both come in contect) in presence of mg2+ ions.

5. Large subunit of ribosome has 3 sites (one for entry, second for polymerization and third for release of polymerized chain). Small subunit holds mRNA .When small subunit comes in contect with mRNA, translation begins.

6. Ribosomes have enzymes called ribozymes, that make bonds between amino acids called peptide bond.

7. mRNA has untranslated sequence at 5” and 3” end (before start and after stop codon) ,and these regions are called untranslated regions (UTR).

8. mRNA binds with small subunit of riobosome at AUG codon(initiator codon) and terminator codon stops the translation and release polypeptide chain outside of ribosome.