Hydroponics (soil less culture ):- Developed by Goerick in 1940. In this method, a nutrient solution is taken in which plants are grown by dipping their roots. This reduces the problem of weeding and soil borne pathogens. This technique is used for raising out seasonal fruits and vegetables like tomato, seedless cucumber etc.

• Aeroponics : developed by weathers and zobel.

In this technique, nutrient solution is sprayed over roots of plant which is suspended in air.

• Sand culture  : plants are grown in inert sand and nutrient solution.