Kidney related problems:

1. Uremia: Presence of excess amount of urea in blood due to which excretion of urea is cells of body at high concentration.
2. Kidney stone (Renal Calculus): Uric acid forms stone in kidney which blocks kidney tubules (nephrons). Causes pain in back. Sometimes it passes into urine. Surgery may be needed to remove it.
3. Glomerulo-nephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney due to which proteins & RBCs of blood passes into the filtrate caused by injury to kidney.
4. Diabetes Mellitus: Pressure of glucose & ketone bodies in urine are indicatives of diabetes mellitus.
5. Kidney failure: Inabilities of kidneys to carry on excretory and salt – water – regulatory functions is called kidney failure. It leads to uremia (Blood poisoning cause presence of urine constituents in blood). Dialysis is done for its prevention. 
6. Glucosuria: Presence of glucose more than a small trace in urine causes glusosuria.

Presence of protein and ketone more than a small trace in urine causes Proteinuria and Ketonuria respectively.

7. Haematuria: presence of blood (mostly RBCs) in urine.
8. Pus: Whitish yellow substance having dead WBCs & dead bacteria and presence of pus more than a small trace in blood is called pyuria.
9. Artificial Kidney-Hemodialyzer: It is a machine that is used to filter blood of a person kidney doesn’t works. The process by which hemo-dialyzer works & filters blood is called Hemodialysis: (cellophane- semi-permeable membrane)

Firstly blood from redial artery is taken outside that passes through cellophane for filtration & side by side this filtered blood goes through saphenous vein into the patient’s body as a circulatory process.

10. Kidney transplantation (Renal transplantation): Grafting a kidney from one person (compatible donor) to other person (recipient) who has kidney failure, is called kidney transplantation.

Compatible donor: The person who matches the recipient person in blood group, antibodies & Human leucocytes antigen.

Human Leucocytes antigen: A person receives 3 antigens on WBC from mother & 3 from father. Higher the number of matches, higher is the chances of donor kidney survival in recipient.

Antigens: If blood of both persons does not reacts (patient and donor), then kidney of donor is taken for transplantation into recipients (patients) body.