Pancreas:-

Origin:- From endoderm of embryo.

Position:- It lies below stomach and above transverse colon of large intestine.

Hormones:-

1.Insulin:- It is released when blood glucose level increases ex – after taking a meal.

a)      It makes the muscles to store glucose as glycogen.

b)      Promote formation of protein from amino acids.

c)       Also promote formation of fats from fatty acids.

Deficiency:- It causes Diabetes Mallitus due to its deficiency in body. Blood sugar rises and excreted in urine. Cholesterol & ketone bodies also appear in blood.

2.Glucagon:- When blood- glucose level falls, it releases. Its action is opposite to that of insulin. Its forms glucose from amino acids & pats. And changes the liver glycogen into glucose in blood.

It increase glucose level in blood to provide energy so called hyperglycemic hormone.

3.Somatostatin(SS):- It decreases the rate of   nutrient absorption in blood and act as an inhibitor of both insulin & glucogon. Hormones and stops their effect.

4.Pancreatic polypeptide:- It inhibits the release of pancreatic juice.

8)Gonads:-

Origin:- Arises from mesoderm of embryo.

They are two types:-

Testes in Male

Ovaries in Females

Position:- Located in scrotum.   Hormones:- Testosterones (male sex hormones) Function:- Testosterone develops male reproductive organs & sexual characters of Man. Disorders:- 1. If testosterone is not produced, then man has no sperm formation and also has no any sexual character. It is called Eunochoidism. 2. Male hypogonadism:- occurs due to deficiency of androgens or due to deficiency of sperm formation. So, no sexual development occurs in such males.

Position:- Located in abdomen. Hormones:- 1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone & 3. Relaxin (female sex hormones) Function:- 1. Estrogen develops female reproductive organs and accessory female sexual characters. 2. Progesterone stops egg formation (periods) and attaches foetus to uterine walls. 3. Relaxin widens the pelvic at the time of birth. Disorders:- Female hypogonadism:- Occurs due to deficiency of estrogens or (FSH, LH) such females do not exhibit sexual characters.